DOI 10.35381/cm.v8i1.672
Retos actuales del cuidado de enfermería en Latinoamérica
Current challenges of nursing care in Latin America
Mercedes María Lucas-Choez
mercedeslucas_ch86@hotmail.com
Universidad Estatal del Sur de Manabí, Jipijapa
Ecuador
https://orcid.org/ 0000-0003-2001-7611
Gina Rosa Alonso-Muñiz
Universidad Estatal del Sur de Manabí, Jipijapa
Ecuador
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0041-2956
Mercedes Tania Alcázar-Pichucho
mercedes.alcazar@unesum.edu.ec
Universidad Estatal del Sur de Manabí, Jipijapa
Ecuador
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7440-5447
Noralma katherine Jaime-Hernández
Universidad Estatal del Sur de Manabí, Jipijapa
Ecuador
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9292-7337
Recibido: 15 de septiembre 2021
Revisado: 10 de noviembre 2021
Aprobado: 15 de diciembre 2021
Publicado: 01 de enero de 2022
RESUMEN
El objetivo general de la presente investigación fue analizar los retos actuales del cuidado de enfermería en Latinoamérica. El trabajo de investigación se realizó a partir del enfoque cuantitativo, mediante la exploración, recolección y análisis crítico documental, referencial bibliográfico. Las técnicas de interpretación de la indagación, se discurrió en el análisis de contenido de la información recopilada, lo que permitió la formulación de resultados. Apoyado en el método analítico–sintético, consistió en descomponer mentalmente el sistema estudiado en varios elementos para llegar a nuevos conocimientos. Como resultado se indica que la enfermería enfrenta grandes retos en Latinoamérica, producto de los cambios que están ocurriendo en el mundo, el desempeño del ejercicio profesional exige una mayor preparación académica. Se concluye que el cambio de pensamiento sobre las problemáticas sociales, la educación contextualizada o situada en la formación de profesionales de enfermería es una de las respuestas que llevan a cambios futuros.
Descriptores: Servicio de enfermería; personal paramédico; América Latina. (Tesauro UNESCO).
ABSTRACT
The general objective of this research was to analyze the current challenges of nursing care in Latin America. The research work was carried out from the quantitative approach, by means of exploration, collection and critical analysis of documents and bibliographic references. The interpretation techniques of the inquiry were based on the content analysis of the information collected, which allowed the formulation of results. Supported by the analytical-synthetic method, it consisted of mentally decomposing the system studied into several elements to arrive at new knowledge. As a result, it is indicated that nursing faces great challenges in Latin America, as a result of the changes that are occurring in the world, the performance of professional practice requires greater academic preparation. It is concluded that the change of thinking about social problems, the contextualized or situated education in the formation of nursing professionals is one of the answers that lead to future changes.
Descriptors: Nursing service; paramedical personnel; Latin America. (UNESCO Thesaurus).
INTRODUCTION
The world's health system has a human talent capable of cooperating and managing the care of people who attend health centers and who, together with the other members of the health team, provide support for the well-being of the person who comes in search of relief. In this sense, Puerta Cataño et al. (2017) state the following:
Quality nursing care includes: an ethical dimension, which refers to aspects of the interpersonal relationship, i.e., the establishment of empathy and respect for human dignity, in different cultural contexts; a scientific and technological dimension, which includes the provision of relevant care according to scientific and technical disciplinary advances; and a perceptive dimension, which includes the ability to understand the potential and needs of the subject of care and ways to meet them.(p.148)
Therefore, there are current challenges of nursing care in Latin America to which they must assume with professional preparation and willingness to serve, the nursing professional must assume new roles in different areas of performance, such as care, administrative, teaching and research, responding to the requirements of the person and their environment. (Álvarez Yáñez, 2015, p.296).
In that sense, emphasizing the socio-political pattern, this allows contextualizing the patient and the nurse, recognizing the importance of nursing in society and vice versa, without leaving aside the socially established policies (Castellanos et al. 2018). This pattern of knowledge contributes to the nurse having a global vision in which responsibility and commitment as an agent of organic, social and political change is highlighted by investing in innovation and maintenance of the nursing work process in defense of individual and collective health (Persegona and Lenardt, 2009).
Currently there is a global pandemic situation that affects the population from different points of view, from social, economic and of course health; from what has arisen other health problems have increased, social, political, economic, ecological, migration, food, pollution, and gender, among others. In addition, another problem derived from this situation and considered a social concern is mental health, with studies showing that the Covid-19 pandemic has generated symptoms of stress, anxiety, depression and insomnia among health workers, especially among women and older professionals (Dosil et al., 2020). In addition, it affects the rest of the population generating associated psychological disorders, ranging from isolated symptoms to complex disorders with a marked deterioration of functionality (Ramirez et al., 2020).
In view of what has happened, nursing has an important role to play in patient care, but above all, there are multiple challenges facing the nursing staff, and it is precisely in the opportunities that arise at this historic moment for the professional practice (Minsalud, 2020), where their actions are key in the context of the health emergency, because both the patient and his family depend on the nurse, his care and his knowledge.
On the other hand, a great contribution for the nursing guild is the Nursing Now Campaign, which is an international campaign promoted by the World Health Organization and the Pan American Health Organization and to which different guilds have been linked, its objective is to improve health worldwide, by raising the profile and status of nursing professionals around the world, with the idea of influencing policy makers and supporting them to lead, learn and create a global movement, thus mentioning that nurses are the backbone of healthcare systems playing an important role in health promotion as in prevention, treatment and care, representing almost half of the healthcare workers worldwide (Socorro Fajardo, 2019).
According to the formulated approaches, the general objective of this research is to analyze the current challenges of nursing care in Latin America.
METHODOLOGY
The research work was carried out from the quantitative approach, through the exploration, collection and critical documentary analysis, bibliographic reference and research studies, in this sense, from a bibliographic design of documentary type, the researcher established a research process where the study population, relied primarily on written documents, research papers, refereed journals and theses, to investigate the writings in order to study them and develop conclusions that help in the generation of new knowledge. The techniques of interpretation of the inquiry were discussed in the content analysis of the information collected, which allowed the formulation of results. Thus, the analytical-synthetic, consisted in mentally decomposing the system studied in several elements to arrive at the production of new knowledge of the subject treated.
RESULTS
The following section shows the results of the documentary-bibliographic review, which due to their content and importance were considered of great relevance for the research.
Table 1.
Challenges.
|
Autores/año |
Titulo |
Contenido |
|
Pastuña R; Jara, P. (2020) |
Challenges for nurse education in global health. |
The objective was to analyze the global health nursing competencies that should be developed in the training of future nursing professionals and to discuss some ideas that serve as a basis for reflection and the construction of an educational model for the training of competent nurses in global health. Global Health is understood as "a global public good that transcends borders, linked to social justice, with a focus on health problems, issues and concerns that transcend national borders. In this changing scenario with accelerated demographic and epidemiological transitions, major challenges related to new infectious, environmental and behavioral risks are looming. Nurses have found it necessary to develop new competencies, skills, attitudes and knowledge, which were not always addressed in their training process, but have been added in their daily work, allowing them to respond to the diverse and multiple approaches to global health problems. They conclude that it is necessary to restructure nursing education to respond to the new scenarios and dynamic social environments, with a comprehensive view and under an inter and transdisciplinary approach. |
|
Aguirre Raya, D. (2020) |
Challenges of Nursing in the Modern World |
Nursing in the 20th century faced great challenges that marked the way forward not only from the practical point of view but also from the ethical point of view. Various historical, political, demographic, demographic, cultural, economic and technological events have conditioned the professional practice of nursing up to the present day. Nursing could be, according to WHO, an enormous contribution to the expansion of universal health coverage quickly, cost-effectively and with high quality. It would be a unique opportunity for States and governments to show how much they value their nurses, not from the discourse but from concrete actions that provide health services with quality human resources. For this reason, it is essential to break down the walls that limit the participation of nursing in the decision making process of the countries' health policies. |
|
Bautista-Espinel, G. (2015) |
Nursing trends and challenges in health services management at the global, national and regional levels. |
In this regard, Malvarez and Castrillón (15) point out the major issues and challenges, stating that the future of health care in Latin America depends very much on the role played by nurses, since without them it will be impossible to achieve adequate care in terms of quantity and quality. The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) (16) recognizes that nursing has made great achievements in the last 20 years. reforms and those emerging from the era of globalization. Together, they form a complex panorama that can be summarized in the following critical areas and challenges. Regarding the strategic analysis, policies and planning of nursing human resources, the road gained, although great, is still not enough; it is necessary to redouble efforts and sharpen ideas to organize the analyses towards a complex strategic vision of health, of the social dynamics and of the organic articulation of nursing in them, a vision that allows to understand the capacity of nurses to have an impact on health and to intervene politically with a clear and distinct north in favor of the development of the scientific, educational, labor and professional conditions of nursing. Nursing professionals are called to overcome the challenge of achieving majority representation in management and management positions, taking into account nursing capabilities, but these achievements must transcend the organizations where the action of care is generated and move up to the spaces where decisions are made, where standards are built, policies are generated and health systems are directed both in politics and government and in multilateral public policy organizations in the global sphere. |
|
Álvarez Yáñez, D. (2015) |
Nursing in Latin America: a look at the horizon. |
In Latin America, the continuous advancement of knowledge, the accelerated scientific and technological development, globalization and institutional demands and institutional demands commit the nursing professional to assume new leadership and research competencies based on solid evidence. This is accompanied by a critical attitude based on technical and scientific knowledge, necessary to make decisions and solve problems derived from the nursing work. The new trends in nursing involve important aspects that concern all fields of the profession. In the field of research, the trend is the production and dissemination of scientific articles that generate new knowledge and validate existing knowledge. develop competencies that facilitate the professional's adaptation to new technologies associated with care; in management, the nursing professional must assume leadership for the implementation of new policies and the adoption of international models for quality care in health services; in health care, the nurse must be proactive, integrating scientific knowledge into daily practice, providing holistic care that encompasses the disease process and its reintegration into the social life of the discipline. Academic development in nursing schools represents an opportunity in the generation of new knowledge, stimulating in the student and future professional the interest to investigate and venture into new fields of professional practice. |
Elaborado: Los autores.
Undoubtedly, nursing faces great challenges in Latin America, as a result of the changes and globalization that are occurring in the world, the performance of professional practice requires more training and academic preparation, which generates an effective management in the promotion of health; facing with capacity and professionalism the diseases and pandemics that occur at any given time, contributing to the achievement of the welfare of citizens.
CONCLUSION
The professional role of nursing is currently facing new challenges at the same time as the changes that are occurring in the world and particularly in Latin America, the position of nursing is not only to make visible the social, political and economic problems, it is in that proactive capacity that it has and that as shown, it responds to a pandemic not only with scientific knowledge but with interpersonal skills that help to recognize empathetically the experiences of people and their families; that in the face of privatized health systems that favor the interests of a few, nursing responds from the guilds, uniting to generate changes in policies directly; and that in the face of the change in thinking about social problems, contextualized or situated education in the training of nursing professionals is one of the answers that lead to future changes.
CONCLUSION
The professional role of nursing is currently facing new challenges at the same time as the changes that are occurring in the world and particularly in Latin America, the position of nursing is not only to make visible the social, political and economic problems, it is in that proactive capacity that it has and that as shown, it responds to a pandemic not only with scientific knowledge but with interpersonal skills that help to recognize empathetically the experiences of people and their families; that in the face of privatized health systems that favor the interests of a few, nursing responds from the guilds, uniting to generate changes in policies directly; and that in the face of the change in thinking about social problems, contextualized or situated education in the training of nursing professionals is one of the answers that lead to future changes.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest in the publication of the article.
FUNDING
Non-monetary.
THANKS
To all the social agents involved in the development of the research.
REFERENCIAS CONSULTADAS
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